WORLD HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -Epidemic typhus was widespread globally prior to the introduction of modern antibiotics. Outbreaks of louse-borne typhus occur during the colder months and have been associated with the overcrowded and unsanitary conditions that are prevalent in time of war. Epidemic typhus is rarely found among travellers.

Detailed explanation-2: -Paleomicrobiology enabled the identification of the first outbreak of epidemic typhus in the 18th century in the context of a pan-European great war in the city of Douai, France, and supported the hypothesis that typhus was imported into Europe by Spanish soldiers returning from America.

Detailed explanation-3: -Scrub typhus, also known as bush typhus, is a disease caused by a bacteria called Orientia tsutsugamushi. Scrub typhus is spread to people through bites of infected chiggers (larval mites). The most common symptoms of scrub typhus include fever, headache, body aches, and sometimes rash.

Detailed explanation-4: -In 1922, the last outbreak of epidemic typhus in the USA occurred. Since then, most of the cases were due to Brill–Zinsser disease in immigrants or concentration camp survivors from Eastern Europe. Outside of Europe, epidemic typhus occurs most commonly in Central and Eastern Africa and Central and South America.