WORLD RELIGIONS

Detailed explanation-1: -After the fall of Rome, the political structure and culture changed greatly in Europe. The many different barbarian tribes established their own kingdoms throughout Europe. These groups tended to live in small communities that were independent from each other.

Detailed explanation-2: -The Apostolic Constitutions note that Linus, whom Paul the Apostle consecrated, was the first bishop of Rome and that he was succeeded by Clement I, whom Peter the Apostle ordained and consecrated.

Detailed explanation-3: -The pope, of course, claimed the right to appoint bishops, and ultimate authority over those bishops. Indeed, theoretically, the pope claimed authority over the emperor. (Charlemagne was crowned Roman emperor in 800 by Pope Leo III, laying the foundations of the so-called Holy Roman Empire in the west.)