ECONOMICS

Detailed explanation-1: -Four of the main characteristics of groupthink include pressure to conform, the illusion of invulnerability, self-censorship, and unquestioned beliefs.

Detailed explanation-2: -What Are the Symptoms of Groupthink? Irving Janis identified eight signs that are closely associated with groupthink: illusions of unanimity, unquestioned beliefs, rationalization, stereotyping, “mindguards, ” illusions of invulnerability, and direct pressure on opposing views.

Detailed explanation-3: -The illusion of invulnerability is another symptom of groupthink. Members of a group in which no one voices their disagreement may have the perception that their group is performing well. In essence, group members believe that their group as a whole could not possible perform sweeping errors in judgment.

Detailed explanation-4: -Illusion of Unanimity: Members of the group falsely perceive that everyone agrees with the group’s decision; silence is seen as consent. Mindguards: Some members of the group appoint themselves to the role of group protector from adverse information that might threaten group complacency.