ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -The respiratory tract can adjust the blood pH upward in minutes by exhaling CO2 from the body. The renal system can also adjust blood pH through the excretion of hydrogen ions (H+) and the conservation of bicarbonate, but this process takes hours to days to have an effect.

Detailed explanation-2: -Breathing more deeply and quickly can move the blood pH toward the alkaline side. This usually happens without our being aware of it. The kidneys are the other important organ for long-term regulation of pH. The kidneys can regulate reabsorption of carbonic acid in the tubule, increasing or reducing acid secretion.

Detailed explanation-3: -The kidneys have two main ways to maintain acid-base balance-their cells reabsorb bicarbonate HCO3− from the urine back to the blood and they secrete hydrogen H+ ions into the urine. By adjusting the amounts reabsorbed and secreted, they balance the bloodstream’s pH.

Detailed explanation-4: -The kidneys compensate for a respiratory acidosis by tubular cells reabsorbing more HCO3 from the tubular fluid, collecting duct cells secreting more H+ and generating more HCO3, and ammoniagenesis leading to increased formation of the NH3 buffer.