BIOMOLECULES AND ENZYMES

Detailed explanation-1: -Some bacteria form capsules, which constitute the outermost layer of the bacterial cell and surround it with a relatively thick layer of viscous gel. Capsules may be up to 10 µm thick. Some organisms lack a well-defined capsule but have loose, amorphous slime layers external to the cell wall or cell envelope.

Detailed explanation-2: -Plasma membrane is the outermost protective layer in cells of all plants and animals.

Detailed explanation-3: -The cell wall consists of peptidoglycan, which is made up of repeating units of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM). The peptidoglycan chains are cross-linked to each other through peptide bridges and form a continuous network around the bacterium. This network can be considered a giant molecule.

Detailed explanation-4: -The cell wall consists mainly of peptidoglycan (PG), a mesh of polysaccharide strands (composed of a poly-[N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc)] backbone) cross-linked via short peptide bridges attached to the MurNAc residues (Vollmer et al., 2008a).

Detailed explanation-5: -Answer and Explanation: The outermost layer of a plant cell is the cell wall. Animal cells only have a cell membrane. Plant cells have a cell wall along with a cell membrane.