BIOMOLECULES AND ENZYMES

Detailed explanation-1: -Denaturation is caused by the breaking of the bonds that hold the enzyme together in its three-dimensional shape. Heat can break hydrogen and ionic bonds, which disrupts the shape of the enzyme and will change the shape of the active site.

Detailed explanation-2: -Factors affecting enzyme activity Temperature: Raising temperature generally speeds up a reaction, and lowering temperature slows down a reaction. However, extreme high temperatures can cause an enzyme to lose its shape (denature) and stop working. pH: Each enzyme has an optimum pH range.

Detailed explanation-3: -At low temperatures, an increase in temperature increases the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. At higher temperatures, the protein is denatured, and the rate of the reaction dramatically decreases. An enzyme has an optimum pH range in which it exhibits maximum activity.

Detailed explanation-4: -It is determined that the protein molecule expands slightly (0.4% per 100 K) with increasing temperature and that this expansion is linear. The expansion is due primarily to subtle repacking of the molecule, with exposed and mobile loop regions exhibiting the largest movements.

Detailed explanation-5: -Many enzymes consist of a protein and a non-protein (called the cofactor). The proteins in enzymes are usually globular. The intra-and intermolecular bonds that hold proteins in their secondary and tertiary structures are disrupted by changes in temperature and pH.