BIOMOLECULES AND ENZYMES

Detailed explanation-1: -Second messengers are molecules that relay signals received at receptors on the cell surface-such as the arrival of protein hormones, growth factors, etc.-to target molecules in the cytosol and/or nucleus.

Detailed explanation-2: -Examples of second messenger molecules include cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, inositol triphosphate, diacylglycerol, and calcium.

Detailed explanation-3: -The activation of multiple target enzymes by a single second messenger molecule further amplifies the signal. Second messengers are not only produced in response to extracellular stimuli, but also in response to stimuli from within the cell.

Detailed explanation-4: -Second messengers are intended to activate intracellular signaling pathways that amplify the signal and culminate with the activation or inhibition of transcription factors, inducing a cellular response.