BIOMOLECULES AND ENZYMES

Detailed explanation-1: -Protein kinases such as PKA and PKC catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP molecules to protein molecules.

Detailed explanation-2: -Protein kinases are an important class of intracellular enzymes that play a crucial role in most signal transduction cascades, from controlling cell growth and proliferation to the initiation and regulation of immunological responses.

Detailed explanation-3: -A signal is detected when the chemical signal (also known as a ligand) binds to a receptor protein on the surface of the cell or inside the cell. 2. Transduction: When the signaling molecule binds the receptor it changes the receptor protein in some way. This change initiates the process of transduction.

Detailed explanation-4: -One example of paracrine signaling is the transfer of signals across synapses between nerve cells. A nerve cell consists of a cell body, several short, branched extensions called dendrites that receive stimuli, and a long extension called an axon, which transmits signals to other nerve cells or muscle cells.

Detailed explanation-5: -Membrane signaling involves proteins shaped into receptors embedded in the cell’s membrane that biophysically connect the triggers in the external environment to the ongoing dynamic chemistry inside a cell.