BIOMOLECULES AND ENZYMES

Detailed explanation-1: -Marshall Nirenberg, Har Gobind Khorana, and their colleagues, were the first to determine the genetic code and show how the nucleic acid bases, with their alphabet made up of A, U, G, and C, determine the sequence of the 20 different amino acids during protein synthesis.

Detailed explanation-2: -Har Gobind Khorana made important contributions to this field by building different RNA chains with the help of enzymes. Using these enzymes, he was able to produce proteins. The amino acid sequences of these proteins then solved the rest of the puzzle.

Detailed explanation-3: -Khorana was the first scientist to chemically synthesize oligonucleotides. This achievement, in the 1970s, was also the world’s first synthetic gene; in later years, the process has become widespread. Subsequent scientists referred to his research while advancing genome editing with the CRISPR/Cas9 system.

Detailed explanation-4: -In 1968 Nirenberg won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his seminal work on the genetic code. He shared the award with Har Gobind Khorana (University of Wisconsin), who mastered the synthesis of nucleic acids, and Robert Holley (Cornell University), who discovered the chemical structure of transfer-RNA.

Detailed explanation-5: -Khorana made one of the most consequential advances in molecular biology by using a hybrid approach that employed organic chemistry to synthesize short sequence of a few nucleotides followed by the use of a copying enzyme to generate long DNA molecules with many repeating copies of the short sequence.