BIOMOLECULES AND ENZYMES

Detailed explanation-1: -A nonsense mutation occurs in DNA when a sequence change gives rise to a stop codon rather than a codon specifying an amino acid. The presence of the new stop codon results in the production of a shortened protein that is likely non-functional.

Detailed explanation-2: -Protein misfolding is a common cellular event that can occur throughout the lifetime of a cell, caused by different events including genetic mutations, translational errors, abnormal protein modifications, thermal or oxidative stress, and incomplete complex formations.

Detailed explanation-3: -A frameshift variant occurs when there is an addition or loss of nucleotides that shifts the grouping and changes the code for all downstream amino acids. The resulting protein is usually nonfunctional. Insertions, deletions, and duplications can all be frameshift variants.

Detailed explanation-4: -Alters base sequence which causes frame shift. This results in a different sequence of amino acids in primary structure which Alters tertiary structure. Deletion leads to the production of a non-functional protein.