BIOMOLECULES AND ENZYMES

Detailed explanation-1: -Denaturation of proteins is a process of transition from a folded to an unfolded state. It happens in cooking, burns, proteinopathies, and other contexts. The duration of the folding process varies dramatically depending on the protein of interest.

Detailed explanation-2: -Protein molecules typically unfold (denature) when subjected to extremes of heat, cold, pH, solvent composition, or mechanical stress.

Detailed explanation-3: -During protein unfolding, the force exerted by the cantilever is transmitted along the backbone into the membrane protein. The latter is stabilized in its conformation by the interplay between local forces, which in their complexity are represented by the potential energy landscape.

Detailed explanation-4: -During the denaturation of proteins, the secondary and tertiary structures get destroyed and only the primary structure is retained. Covalent bonds are broken and interaction between amino-acid chains gets disrupted. This results in the loss of biological activity of the proteins.

Detailed explanation-5: -When a protein is denatured, secondary and tertiary structures are altered but the peptide bonds of the primary structure between the amino acids are left intact. Since all structural levels of the protein determine its function, the protein can no longer perform its function once it has been denatured.