BIOMOLECULES AND ENZYMES

Detailed explanation-1: -A longitudinal study demonstrated an 84% higher risk of osteoporosis in iron-deficiency anemia patients (95% CI = 1.67–1.97) [12]. Elevated osteoclast activity and subsequent accelerated bone resorption have been proposed as underlying mechanisms of osteoporosis in anemia patients.

Detailed explanation-2: -It is important to remember that bone formation is slower than bone resorption, thus a prolonged situation of iron deficiency could result in bone loss and increase risk of osteoporosis, with the concomitant public health impact.

Detailed explanation-3: -Growing evidence suggest that excess iron disturb the delicate balance between bone resorption and bone formation which can manifest as low bone mass, osteopenia, osteoporosis, or bone fractures. Studies revealed that excess iron can influence both osteoclast and osteoblast functions.

Detailed explanation-4: -“For example, calcium and vitamin D deficiencies can cause osteopenia or osteoporosis, two conditions marked by brittle bones, ” says Kate Patton, RD, a dietitian at the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio. “And inadequate iron can cause anemia, which zaps your energy.”

Detailed explanation-5: -The effect of iron deficiency on bone health was addressed in several animal studies [104]. These studies revealed that severe nutritional iron restriction causes unbalanced bone turnover, leading eventually to bone weakening, characterized by low BMD and decreased bone mineral content [110, 111, 112].