CHILD DEVELOPMENT PEDAGOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Negative punishment (penalty) (also called “punishment by contingent withdrawal") occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of a stimulus. Example: taking away a child’s toy following an undesired behavior by him/her, which would result in a decrease in the undesirable behavior.

Detailed explanation-2: -Physical punishment can lead to children being more aggressive and anti-social as well as more likely to be susceptible to mental illness. Physical punishment teaches children that physical aggression is okay. It does not help them develop positive, effective coping skills to manage negative emotions and situations.

Detailed explanation-3: -Like reinforcement, a stimulus can be added (positive punishment) or removed (negative punishment). There are two types of punishment: positive and negative, and it can be difficult to tell the difference between the two. Below are some examples to help clear up the confusion.

Detailed explanation-4: -Negative punishment: This type of punishment is also known as “punishment by removal.” Negative punishment involves taking away a desirable stimulus after a behavior has occurred.

Detailed explanation-5: -Punishment involves learning about the relationship between behavior and its adverse consequences. Punishment is fundamental to reinforcement learning, decision-making and choice, and is disrupted in psychiatric disorders such as addiction, depression, and psychopathy.