CLINICAL MEDICINE

Detailed explanation-1: -Mitral valve insufficiency or mitral regurgitation (MR) is characterized by the reversal of blood flow from the left ventricle (LV) to the left atrium (LA), typically in the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle. It continues to be a significant issue in cardiovascular health worldwide.

Detailed explanation-2: -Depending on the severity and chronicity of MR, the left atrium (LA) dilates in response to the volume overload. This remodeling process involves the posterior part of the mitral annulus, causing dilatation of the mitral annulus and contrib-uting to leaflet malcoaptation and MR.

Detailed explanation-3: -Mitral regurgitation is a systolic murmur, best heard at the left 5th midclavicular line with possible radiation to the left axilla. It is commonly associated with infective endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, congenital anomalies, and inferior wall myocardial infarctions.

Detailed explanation-4: -Mitral regurgitation (MR) is caused by the retrograde flow of blood from the left ventricle (LV) into the left atrium (LA) through the mitral valve (MV), causing a systolic murmur heard best at the apex of the heart with radiation to the left axilla.

Detailed explanation-5: -A standard echocardiogram, also called a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), can confirm a diagnosis of mitral valve regurgitation and determine its severity. Echocardiography can also help in the diagnosis of congenital mitral valve disease, rheumatic mitral valve disease and other heart valve conditions.