CLINICAL MEDICINE

Detailed explanation-1: -Cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery, and hepatitis A and E, and many other bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases are waterborne diseases, i.e., caused by pathogens transmitted via water supplies.

Detailed explanation-2: -Contaminated water and poor sanitation are linked to transmission of diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid and polio. Absent, inadequate, or inappropriately managed water and sanitation services expose individuals to preventable health risks.

Detailed explanation-3: -Typhoid fever is a bacterial disease spread by drinking or eating contaminated water or food.

Detailed explanation-4: -Typhoid and paratyphoid enteric fever are acute, generalized infections caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphoid respectively. The main sources of infection are contaminated water or milk and, especially in urban communities, food handlers who are carriers.

Detailed explanation-5: -How are typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever spread? These diseases are spread through sewage contamination of food or water and through person-to-person contact.