CLINICAL MEDICINE

Detailed explanation-1: -Inflammation. The body’s second line of defense against pathogens includes the inflammatory response. If bacteria enter the skin through a scrape, the area may become red, warm, and painful. These are signs of inflammation.

Detailed explanation-2: -Inflammation acts as a second line of defense when tissue is damaged. Inflammation is triggered by chemicals called cytokines and histamines, which are released when tissues are damaged. These chemicals cause local blood vessels to dilate, which increases blood flow to the area.

Detailed explanation-3: -The second line of defense are the non-specific phagocytes and other internal mechanisms that comprise innate immunity. The third line of defense are the specific lymphocytes that produce antibodies as part of the adaptive immune response.

Detailed explanation-4: -These barriers keep most pathogens out of the body. If pathogens do manage to enter the body, the body’s second line of defense attacks them. The second line of defense includes inflammation, phagocytosis, and fever.

Detailed explanation-5: -The innate immune system provides the first line of defense, which is divided broadly into two categories – physical/chemical barriers and nonspecific resistance.