CLINICAL MEDICINE

Detailed explanation-1: -Carcinogens are categorised as being chemical or physical agents [3], causing DNA damage attributable to their physico-chemical properties, such as DNA molecule distortion or DNA cross-linking [3–6].

Detailed explanation-2: -One of the main sources of DNA damage is ionizing irradiation, which can cause direct or indirect DNA damage leading to changes in the structure of DNA that affects nuclear stability [10]. Ionizing radiation can be of various types such as alpha particles, beta particles or gamma radiation [11].

Detailed explanation-3: -Carcinogen-DNA adducts of exogenous genotoxic chemical carcinogens may induce errors in DNA sequence (mutations). Subsequent transcription on a damaged template may result in the formation of abnormal proteins or the absence of protein.

Detailed explanation-4: -Cancers are caused by damage to the DNA in your cells. These changes are called “gene mutations.” Gene mutations can build up in cells in your body over time. Cells with too many mutations may stop working normally, grow out of control and become cancerous.