CLINICAL MEDICINE

Detailed explanation-1: -In thoracotomy, which causes severe postoperative pain, EPI is the standard technique for postoperative analgesia.

Detailed explanation-2: -Epinephrine markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a small-dose infusion of ropivacaine, fentanyl, and epinephrine after major thoracic or abdominal surgery: a randomized, double-blinded crossover study with and without epinephrine.

Detailed explanation-3: -Postoperative analgesia is usually provided with opioids (e.g., morphine, fentanyl, methadone), antipyretic analgesics including acetaminophen or its intravenous analog propacetamol, or the nonspecific cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors (e.g., ibuprofen, ketorolac, diclofenac).

Detailed explanation-4: -After the thoracotomy, you’ll stay in the hospital for about a week. The chest tube or tubes will remain in for at least a few days. Your healthcare team will encourage you to cough, use the incentive spirometer and take short walks with assistance. Your team will also help you manage your pain.