DENDROLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates protons from. the stroma to the photosystem II. No worries!

Detailed explanation-2: -One of the major differences between chemiosmosis in mitochondria and in chloroplasts is the source of energy. In mitochondria, the high-energy electrons are extracted from the food molecule (from redox reaction) whereas in chloroplast the source is from the photons captured from the light source.

Detailed explanation-3: -The chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts stakes place during photosynthesis. The photoexcited electrons move down the ETC on thylakoid membrane. The energy of electron is used to pump proton from stroma into the thylakoid lumen. When the protons move back to stroma, they pass through ATP synthase.

Detailed explanation-4: -Protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane to the intermembrane space, creating an electrical gradient and a pH gradient (chemiosmosis).

Detailed explanation-5: -Chemiosmosis refers to the process of moving ions to the other side of a biological membrane. An electrochemical gradient is generated in chemiosmosis. It is used to drive ATP synthesis. During this process, hydrogen ions accumulate in the thylakoid membranes.