EDUCATION (CBSE/UGC NET)

Detailed explanation-1: -This knowledge is produced due to comparison or Upamana. So, Upamana is the knowledge of the relation of the name and the object or the thing denoted by that name. In other words, it is produced by the knowledge of similarity.

Detailed explanation-2: -It is the fourth kind of valid knowledge in Nyaya philosophy, it is called Sabda or agama or authoritative verbal testimony.

Detailed explanation-3: -Inference literally means that knowledge which follows some other knowledge. Nyāya philosophy considers inference as the second source of valid knowledge. Inferential knowledge can be explained with the typical example of inferring the presence of fire on the perception of smoke.

Detailed explanation-4: -Inference can also be classified into 3 types: Purvavat (inferring an unperceived effect from a perceived cause), Sheshavat (inferring an unperceived cause from a perceived effect) and Samanyatodrishta (when inference is not based on causation but on uniformity of co-existence).

Detailed explanation-5: -Epistemology: According to the Nyāya Philosophy, knowledge manifests with objects. There are two sorts of knowledge, valid and invalid. Valid knowledge is further divided into four; perception, inference, comparison, and verbal testimony whereas, invalid knowledge comprises memory, doubt, error, and tarka.