EDUCATION (CBSE/UGC NET)

Detailed explanation-1: -The Nyaya school considers perception, inference, comparison/analogy, and testimony from reliable sources as four means to correct knowledge, holding that perception is the ultimate source of such knowledge.

Detailed explanation-2: -The Nyaya school holds that there are four valid means of knowledge: perception (pratyaksha), inference (anumana), comparison (upamana), and sound, or testimony (shabda).

Detailed explanation-3: -Inference literally means that knowledge which follows some other knowledge. Nyāya philosophy considers inference as the second source of valid knowledge. Inferential knowledge can be explained with the typical example of inferring the presence of fire on the perception of smoke.

Detailed explanation-4: -In Indian philosophies, pramana are the means which can lead to knowledge, and serve as one of the core concepts in Indian epistemology. It has been one of the key, much debated fields of study in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism since ancient times.

Detailed explanation-5: -The Nyāya Sūtras is an ancient Indian Sanskrit text composed by Akṣapāda Gautama, and the foundational text of the Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy.