EDUCATION UGC NET
EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY
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Question
[CLICK ON ANY CHOICE TO KNOW THE RIGHT ANSWER]
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Drastartha
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Adrastartha
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Both (A) and (B)
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None of these
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Detailed explanation-1: -The Naiyayikas (the Nyaya scholars) accepted four valid means (pramaṇa) of obtaining valid knowledge (pramana)-perception (pratyakṣa), inference (anumāna), comparison (upamāna) and word/testimony of reliable sources (śabda).
Detailed explanation-2: -Inference has been further divided into three by the neo Nyaya school, on the basis of the method of establishing vyāpti or the relation of invariable concomitance-Kevalanvayi, Kevalavyatireki and anvayavyatireki.
Detailed explanation-3: -In the Nyāya theory, perceptual “meaning” consists of a direct meaning, an indirect meaning and an affective state evoked in the perceiver resulting from the cognition arising from the direct and indirect meanings.
Detailed explanation-4: -Valid knowledge is called prama and it is defined as the right apprehension of an object. Nyaya maintains the theory of correspondence. Invalid knowledge is known as aprama. The source of valid knowledge is called pramana. Naiyayikas believe in four pramanas – Perception, Inference, Comparison and Testimony.