EDUCATION (CBSE/UGC NET)

Detailed explanation-1: -Hypernatremic patients have a free water deficit, or water loss in excess of sodium. When hypernatremia is present, calculating the dehydration deficit alone, as is done for patients whose sodium is still within normal range, often underestimates the fluid volume needed because the loss is from the ICF compartment.

Detailed explanation-2: -Drought severity is defined by the stress frequency, duration, and intensity and by the crop development phase it occurs in [10, 11]. Water deficit reduces leaf stomatal conductance and root hydraulics, decreasing water and nutrient uptake and photosynthetic plant activity.

Detailed explanation-3: -For hypernatremia ([Na] > 145 mEq/L), think about situations where there is a free water deficit (FWD) – decreased thirst, limited free water intake, increased fluid loss, etc. Symptoms can span from vague weakness and lethargy to seizures, altered mentation, unconsciousness, and even death.

Detailed explanation-4: -Dehydration (water deficit) is a commonly encountered derangement of homeostasis and may result from severe sweating, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, excessive alcohol ingestion (which inhibits ADH secretion), or simply insufficient fluid intake.

Detailed explanation-5: -Hypernatremia is defined as a rise in the serum sodium concentration to a value exceeding 145 mmol per liter. It is a common electrolyte disorder [1]. Hypernatremia due to water depletion/hypodipsia is called dehydration. This differs from hypovolemia, in which both salt and water are lost [2].