GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Mountain and arctic ecosystems and species are particularly sensitive to climate change. Projected warming could greatly increase the rate of species extinctions, especially in sensitive regions.

Detailed explanation-2: -The most vulnerable ecosystems include coastal ecosystems, alpine areas, rainforests, fragmented terrestrial ecosystems and areas vulnerable to fire or low freshwater availability.

Detailed explanation-3: -Today, the ocean has absorbed about 90 percent of the heat generated by rising emissions. As the excessive heat and energy warms the ocean, the change in temperature leads to unparalleled cascading effects, including ice-melting, sea-level rise, marine heatwaves, and ocean acidification.

Detailed explanation-4: -Coral reef ecosystems are among the most sensitive marine systems to climate change, and Goreau and Hayes (1994) found that coral bleaching was closely linked to high sea surface temperature which was getting higher under global warming.