GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Climate change is dramatically affecting our hydrosphere, mainly our oceans. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Ocean and Cryosphere (frozen water) cited these changes in our oceans: acidification, increases in water temperature, sea-level rise, loss of oxygen and sea ice retreat.

Detailed explanation-2: -Specifically, since the industrial revolution, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions have raised temperatures, even higher in the poles, and as a result, glaciers are rapidly melting, calving off into the sea and retreating on land.

Detailed explanation-3: -Rapid melting of glaciers can lead to flooding of rivers and to the for-mation of glacial meltwater lakes, which may pose an even more serious threat. Continued melting or calving of ice chunks into lakes can cause catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods.

Detailed explanation-4: -The melting fresh water from glaciers alters the ocean, not only by directly contributing to the global sea level rise, but also because it pushes down the heavier salt water, thereby changing what scientists call the THC, or Thermo (heat) Haline (salt) Circulation, meaning currents in the ocean.