GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Liquefaction of sand is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading and leads to the collapse of structures resting on the liquefied ground.

Detailed explanation-2: -Soil Liquefaction Due to Earthquakes Earthquake motion can turn loosely packed, water-saturated soil to liquid-"liquefaction.” Liquefied soil loses its density and ultimately the ability to support roads, buried pipes, and, of course, houses.

Detailed explanation-3: -Liquefaction is the destabilization of sand or soil when groundwater (water underground) is forced out from between grains during the shaking of a moderate or strong earthquake. If liquefaction occurs under a building, it may start to lean, tip over, or sink several feet.

Detailed explanation-4: -The common methods that can be adopted for mitigation of liquefaction include the following broad categories: (1) replacement or physical modification; (2) densification; (3) pore water pressure relief; and (4) foundation reinforcement, as summarized by Chu et al. (2009).

Detailed explanation-5: -Liquefaction of gases is the process by which substances in their gaseous state are converted to the liquid state. When pressure on a gas is increased, its molecules closer together, and its temperature is reduced, which removes enough energy to make it change from the gaseous to the liquid state.