GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Congestion, limited escape routes, dense infrastructure, and poverty add to the vulnerability. Cities and countries in other regions of the world face similar problems. For example, researchers argue that in countries such as China, urban earthquakes are more dangerous because of the density of the infrastructure.

Detailed explanation-2: -Poverty and the other multi-dimensional factors and drivers that create vulnerability mean that susceptibility to the impacts of hazards is often, but not always, associated with certain groups, including women, children, the elderly, the disabled, migrants and displaced populations, amongst others.

Detailed explanation-3: -Key factors in underprivileged areas include low-quality and insecure housing, which in turn limits access to basic services such as health care, public transport, communications, and infrastructure such as water, sanitation, drainage and roads.

Detailed explanation-4: -LOW INCOME COUNTRIES As these countries usually have an uncommonly high share of the poor amidst explosively growing cities, with inadequate access to basic urban services (water, sanitation, housing), they tend to suffer long-lasting macro-economic effects.