GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A tiltmeter measures vertical movement. A laser-ranging device measures horizontal movement. Ground-based receivers use the GPS satellite system to measure changes in elevation and tilt of the land as well as horizontal movement along a fault.

Detailed explanation-2: -Expert-Verified Answer The correct answer is (a). seismograph. This is the advanced instrument used to perceive and measure seismic waves. During an earthquake, the information gets automatically recorded on a seismogram, which is the seismograph from the record of the recurring seismic waves on the target area.

Detailed explanation-3: -An earthquake is the sudden movement of Earth’s crust at a fault line. The location where an earthquake begins is called the epicenter. An earthquake’s most intense shaking is often felt near the epicenter.

Detailed explanation-4: -Of the two types of surface waves, the L-waves are the most destructive. They can literally move the ground beneath a building faster than the building itself can respond, effectively shearing the base off of the rest of the building.

Detailed explanation-5: -Seismic waves are caused by the sudden movement of materials within the Earth, such as slip along a fault during an earthquake. Volcanic eruptions, explosions, landslides, avalanches, and even rushing rivers can also cause seismic waves.