GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Replacement occurs when the original shell or bone dissolves away and is replaced by a different mineral; when this occurs with permineralization, it is called petrification .

Detailed explanation-2: -Permineralization, a type of fossilization, involves deposits of minerals within the cells of organisms. Water from the ground, lakes, or oceans seeps into the pores of organic tissue and forms a crystal cast with deposited minerals.

Detailed explanation-3: -Silicification – most common form of permineralization in which silica mineralization/replacement results in the formation of fine-grained quartz, chalcedony, and opal fill in pores.

Detailed explanation-4: -Simply put permineralization is dissolved minerals filling in the existing pore space in fossilized material. Replacement is dissolved minerals replacing the existing minerals (calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, etc.) in fossil material via atom by atom or molecule by molecule ion exchange.

Detailed explanation-5: -What is permineralization? A common form of fossilization is permineralization. This occurs when the pores of plant materials, bones, and shells are impregnated by mineral matter from the ground, lakes, or oceans. In some cases, the wood fibers and cellulose dissolve and are replaced minerals.