GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Sharing of an electron pair between the atoms results in the formation of covalent bonds. During bond formation, each bond consists of two electrons which are contributed by each one of the combining atoms. By the mutual sharing of electrons, each atom attains octet configuration in its valence shell.

Detailed explanation-2: -Valence electrons are outer shell electrons with an atom and can participate in the formation of chemical bonds. In single covalent bonds, typically both atoms in the bond contribute one valence electron in order to form a shared pair. The ground state of an atom is the lowest energy state of the atom.

Detailed explanation-3: -A covalent bond consists of the mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms. These electrons are simultaneously attracted by the two atomic nuclei. A covalent bond forms when the difference between the electronegativities of two atoms is too small for an electron transfer to occur to form ions.

Detailed explanation-4: -A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs.

Detailed explanation-5: -Covalent bonds form when electrons are shared between atoms and are attracted by the nuclei of both atoms. In pure covalent bonds, the electrons are shared equally. In polar covalent bonds, the electrons are shared unequally, as one atom exerts a stronger force of attraction on the electrons than the other.