GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Genotoxic carcinogens are agents that interact directly or after metabolic activation with DNA, causing mutations and leading to tumor formation. Non-genotoxic carcinogens are a diverse group of chemical compounds that are known to cause tumors by mechanisms other than direct damage to DNA.

Detailed explanation-2: -Exposure to carcinogens can either directly [7] or indirectly [1, 8] induce DNA damage. Subsequent repair mechanisms may result in alterations in DNA sequences, i.e. mutations [2, 9]. Induced mutations may be initiating events in cancer causation, when the damage is fixed within oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes [10].

Detailed explanation-3: -Along the years, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified many air pollutants components as carcinogens, including solvents, diesel engine exhaust, metals, such as chromium, nickel, arsenic, and cadmium.

Detailed explanation-4: -But a genetic change that increases the risk of cancer can be passed down (inherited) if it is present in a parent’s egg or sperm cells. For example, if a parent passes a mutated BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene to their child, the child will have a much higher risk of developing breast and several other cancers.

Detailed explanation-5: -Simply because a substance has been designated as a carcinogen, however, does not mean that the substance will necessarily cause cancer. Many factors influence whether a person exposed to a carcinogen will develop cancer, including the amount and duration of the exposure and the individual’s genetic background.