GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -As rain and runoff enter the soil the water begins to fill the pore spaces in the ground. The water will continue to work its way down until it accumulates above an impermeable layer (bedrock).

Detailed explanation-2: -In bedrock, permeability depends on how well the fractures in the rock are connect with each other. Well-connected fractures will allow water to move easily; poorly-connected fractures will not. In a sand and gravel pit, permeability depends on the size of the pore spaces between the grains of material.

Detailed explanation-3: -Moreover, water flow through bedrock is one of the most important processes to decide solute transport and stream water chemistry in headwater catchments [e.g., Anderson et al., 1997a, 1997b; Uchida et al., 2003; Asano et al., 2003; Katsuyama et al., 2004, 2005].

Detailed explanation-4: -Bedrock is the hard, solid rock beneath surface materials such as soil and gravel. Bedrock also underlies sand and other sediments on the ocean floor. Bedrock is consolidated rock, meaning it is solid and tightly bound. Overlying material is often unconsolidated rock, which is made up of loose particles.