GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Borehole tiltmeters are used world-wide for volcano monitoring and volumetric strain meters are used at some volcanoes, such as Hekla (Iceland), Monserrat, and Izu-Oshima (Japan) volcanoes.

Detailed explanation-2: -Tiltmeters and strainmeters measure subtle changes in ground slope and shape at volcanoes | U.S. Geological Survey.

Detailed explanation-3: -Tiltmeters are used extensively for monitoring volcanoes, the response of dams to filling, the small movements of potential landslides, the orientation and volume of hydraulic fractures, and the response of structures to various influences such as loading and foundation settlement.

Detailed explanation-4: -Tiltmeters. Scientists use tiltmeters to measure extremely subtle changes in a volcano’s slope. Gas Samples. A geologist cools a sample of molten lava in a can of water. Thermal Imagers. Seismic Monitors. Radar Mapping Instruments. 11-Aug-2010