GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Several hazards may affect the area around the volcano, such as lava flows, pyroclastic flows, lahars, jökulhlaups and landslides or debris avalanches. Volcanic activity also produces hazards that can affect areas far from the volcano, such as tephra or ash falls, releases of gas and tsunamis.

Detailed explanation-2: -Rapid Onset Disasters. Disasters and consequent emergencies may occur suddenly or develop over a period of time. Rapid-onset emergencies are usually the result of sudden natural events such as wind storms, floods, wild fires, landslides, avalanches, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

Detailed explanation-3: -Volcanoes are composite hazards. There are both primary and secondary hazards which can be caused by volcanic eruptions. The primary hazards include pyroclastic flows, air-fall tephra, lava flows and volcanic gases.

Detailed explanation-4: -Although processes such as volcanic eruptions and earthquakes affect the Earth’s surface, they clearly originate in the Earth’s interior. Therefore, they are internal processes.