GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Volcano eruption: Giant volcanic eruptions spew ashes and a huge amount of sulfur gases, as well as many hundred tons of carbon dioxide (CO2). The sulfur gases when combining with water vapor in the atmosphere and form sulfurous and sulfuric acid, which are detrimental to humans, plants, and animals.

Detailed explanation-2: -Injected ash falls rapidly from the stratosphere–most of it is removed within several days to weeks–and has little impact on climate change. But volcanic gases like sulfur dioxide can cause global cooling, while volcanic carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, has the potential to promote global warming.

Detailed explanation-3: -Livestock and other mammals have been killed by lava flows, pyroclastic flows, tephra falls, atmospheric effects, gases, and tsunami. They can also die from famine, forest fires, and earthquakes caused by or related to eruptions.

Detailed explanation-4: -Ashfall can have significant impacts on crops much like pasture land. Physical impacts from additional weight of ash on leaves, partial burial and stem/branch snapping all prevent the plants natural processes such as photosynthesis, transpiration and water content leading to crop failure (Neild et al., 1998).

Detailed explanation-5: -Locally, sulfur dioxide gas can lead to acid rain and air pollution downwind from a volcano. These gases can come from lava flows as well as a volcano that erupts violently. Volcanic ash can travel hundreds to thousands of miles downwind from a volcano.