GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -These deep-ocean currents are driven by differences in the water’s density, which is controlled by temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline). This process is known as thermohaline circulation. In the Earth’s polar regions ocean water gets very cold, forming sea ice.

Detailed explanation-2: -Currents may also be caused by density differences in water masses due to temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline) variations via a process known as thermohaline circulation. These currents move water masses through the deep ocean, taking nutrients, oxygen, and heat with them.

Detailed explanation-3: -Vertical motions in the ocean are driven by small differences in water density due to differences in salinity (salt content) and (or) differences in temperature. Increased salt content increases density of water, and generally cold water is more dense than warm water, with one profound exception.

Detailed explanation-4: -Temperatures range from-2° C to 28° C in most cases, but are hotter near hydrothermal vents or closer to land. Salinity is usually 35 ppt (parts per thousand), but can range from 28-41 ppt and is highest in the northern Red Sea.

Detailed explanation-5: -Thermohaline circulation. This is a process driven by density differences in water due to temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline) variations in different parts of the ocean. Currents driven by thermohaline circulation occur at both deep and shallow ocean levels and move much slower than tidal or surface currents.