GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -This process is known as “upwelling.” Upwelling occurs in the open ocean and along coastlines. The reverse process, called “downwelling, ” also occurs when wind causes surface water to build up along a coastline and the surface water eventually sinks toward the bottom.

Detailed explanation-2: -Ocean water moves in two directions: horizontally and vertically. Horizontal movements are referred to as currents, while vertical changes are called upwellings or downwellings. This abiotic system is responsible for the transfer of heat, variations in biodiversity, and Earth’s climate system.

Detailed explanation-3: -Upwelling is the natural process which brings cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface. A huge upwelling regularly occurs off the coast of Peru, which enjoys a large fishing industry as a result. Upwelling is a process in which currents bring deep, cold water to the surface of the ocean.

Detailed explanation-4: -The reverse process, called downwelling, also occurs when wind causes surface water to build up along a coastline. The surface water eventually sinks toward the bottom. Subsurface water that rises to the surface as a result of upwelling is typically colder, rich in nutrients, and biologically productive.

Detailed explanation-5: -Downwelling occurs in anti-cyclonic regions of the ocean where warm rings spin clockwise, causing surface convergence. When these surface waters converge, the surface water is pushed downwards. Downwelling can also occur as a result of the wind driving the sea towards the coastline.