GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The heat energy can be transferred by the process of convection by the difference occurring in temperature between the two parts of the fluid. Due to this temperature difference, hot fluids tend to rise, whereas cold fluids tend to sink. This creates a current within the fluid called a convection current.

Detailed explanation-2: -Convection is the rising or sinking of fluid (a phase of matter that flows, such as liquid, gas, or plasma) with a different density than the surrounding material. In gases and nearly all liquids, density decreases as temperature increases.

Detailed explanation-3: -Convection currents are the result of differential heating. Lighter (less dense), warm material rises while heavier (more dense) cool material sinks. It is this movement that creates circulation patterns known as convection currents in the atmosphere, in water, and in the mantle of Earth.

Detailed explanation-4: -The uneven heating of a fluid causes convection currents. As the fluid is heated, it becomes less dense and rises. The change in density is caused by the molecules of the fluid moving faster and further apart. The further apart the molecules are, the less dense the fluid will be, causing it to rise.

Detailed explanation-5: -In places where convection currents rise up towards the crust’s surface, tectonic plates move away from each other in a process known as seafloor spreading (Fig. 7.21). Hot magma rises to the crust’s surface, cracks develop in the ocean floor, and the magma pushes up and out to form mid-ocean ridges.