GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A volcano is defined as an opening in the Earth’s crust through which lava, ash, and gases erupt. The term also includes the cone-shaped landform built by repeated eruptions over time.

Detailed explanation-2: -The hot material that volcanoes spew out are mostly molten rocks and minerals which is called magma. The hot magma is called lava once it reaches the surface of the Earth.

Detailed explanation-3: -They release a deadly mixture of lava, ash, and volcanic rocks such as scoria and pumice, which can fall kilometers away from the eruption site. They are also characterized by pyroclastic flow, a fluid mixture of fragmented materials and extremely hot, toxic gases.

Detailed explanation-4: -When magma reaches the surface it is then called lava and the eruptions of lava and ash produce volcanoes. The lava that reaches the Earth’s surface will harden and become igneous rock. When the magma does not reach the surface it produces a variety of geologic structures.

Detailed explanation-5: -A caldera is a large depression formed when a volcano erupts and collapses.