GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Lichens are considered as pioneer species in primary succession on rocks because they can easily grow on rocks where other plants cannot grow.

Detailed explanation-2: -Lichen is a pioneer of succession in lithosere. So the correct option is B, lithosere.

Detailed explanation-3: -So, the correct answer is ‘Xerosere.

Detailed explanation-4: -2 Most primary succession begins with lichens. Acids from the lichens begin breaking the rocks into small particles. These particles mix with the remains of dead lichens to start forming soil. Because lichens are the first organisms to live on the rock, they are called pioneer species.

Detailed explanation-5: -Some common examples of pioneer species During primary succession on land, fungi and lichen are the most common pioneer species. They break down minerals in the rock to form soil, which allow subsequent communities to colonize the area.