GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The lithosphere is the rocky outer part of Earth. It is made up of the brittle crust and the top part of the upper mantle. The lithosphere is the coolest and most rigid part of Earth.

Detailed explanation-2: -The lithosphere includes the brittle upper portion of the mantle and the crust, the outermost layers of Earth’s structure. It is bounded by the atmosphere above and the asthenosphere below.

Detailed explanation-3: -The lithosphere is the outermost layer of Earth, composed of the crust and the brittle part of the upper mantle. The term lithosphere is derived from the Greek words “lithos, ” meaning stone, and “sphaira, ” meaning globe or ball.

Detailed explanation-4: -The pedosphere is the uppermost layer of the lithosphere that, through the soil-forming process, chemically reacts with the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

Detailed explanation-5: -Oceanic lithosphere forms at midocean ridges, where hot magma upwells, and then cools to form plates as the material moves away from the spreading center. As the plate cools, heat flow decreases and the seafloor deepens (Fig. 3). However, only shallow (< 1 km) measurements of lithospheric temperatures are possible.