GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Mantle convection describes the movement of the mantle as it transfers heat from the white-hot core to the brittle lithosphere. The mantle is heated from below, cooled from above, and its overall temperature decreases over long periods of time. All these elements contribute to mantle convection.

Detailed explanation-2: -Convection currents are the result of differential heating. Lighter (less dense), warm material rises while heavier (more dense) cool material sinks. It is this movement that creates circulation patterns known as convection currents in the atmosphere, in water, and in the mantle of Earth.

Detailed explanation-3: -The mantle within the earth’s surface flows due to convection currents. These currents are mainly caused by a very hot material present in the deepest part of the mantle, which rises upwards, then cools, sinks, again and again, repeating the same process of heating and rising.

Detailed explanation-4: -The driving force for natural convection is gravity. For example if there is a layer of cold dense air on top of hotter less dense air, gravity pulls more strongly on the denser layer on top, so it falls while the hotter less dense air rises to take its place. This creates circulating flow: convection.