GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Mantle plumes are hypothesized columns of hot mantle rocks that rise through the mantle from the mantle-core boundary to the base of the lithosphere. The lower lithosphere rocks are heated by the plumes and melt to form hot spots.

Detailed explanation-2: -A hot spot is an area on Earth over a mantle plume or an area under the rocky outer layer of Earth, called the crust, where magma is hotter than surrounding magma. The magma plume causes melting and thinning of the rocky crust and widespread volcanic activity.

Detailed explanation-3: -A mantle plume is a buoyant mass of material in the mantle, which rises because of its buoyancy. The existence of mantle plumes in Earth was first suggested by J. Tuzo Wilson (1963) as an explanation of oceanic island chains, such as the Hawaiian-Emperor chain, which change progressively in age along the chain (Fig.

Detailed explanation-4: -“ plume: an upward flow of hot material from the Earth’s mantle into the crust.”

Detailed explanation-5: -Plumes are postulated to rise through the mantle and begin to partially melt on reaching shallow depths in the asthenosphere by decompression melting. This would create large volumes of magma. This melt rises to the surface and erupts to form hotspots.