GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The intense ash-producing eruption of Iceland’s Eyjafjallajökull volcano in 2010 was the result of an explosive interaction between hot magma and cold glacial melt water.

Detailed explanation-2: -Eyjafjallajökull 2010: How Icelandic volcano eruption closed European skies. Ten years ago the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökul erupted, sending a plume of volcanic ash over nine kilometers into the sky. The eruption was relatively small but its impact was massive.

Detailed explanation-3: -The nature of eruptions in Iceland is diverse, from small effusive eruptions where lava flows quietly from fissures and crater rows to significant explosive eruptions in ice-covered central volcanos that produce large ash plumes-literally where fire meets ice.

Detailed explanation-4: -The first phase of the eruption lasted from 20 March to 12 April 2010 and was characterised by olivine basaltic andesite lava flowing from various eruptive vents on the flanks of the mountain.

Detailed explanation-5: -Volcanologists use the word ‘tephra’ as general term for volcanic rock fragments irrespective of grain size produced during an explosive eruption. Volcanic ash is fine tephra, and terms such as lapilli, blocks, and bombs are used to categorize larger fragments.