GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Sensitive tiltmeters and surveying instruments can measure and record the slightest changes, which help volcanologists determine, for example, roughly how deep a magma source is, how fast it is moving, and where on a volcano it might erupt.

Detailed explanation-2: -A seismometer or seismic monitoring devices measure the small earthquakes in the vicinity of an active volcano. If there is a sudden spike in the frequency or power of these earthquakes, the volcano might be about to erupt. The seismograph for volcano monitoring is an established tool for predicting volcanic eruptions.

Detailed explanation-3: -Volcanic eruptions are one of Earth’s most dramatic and violent agents of change. Not only can powerful explosive eruptions drastically alter land and water for tens of kilometers around a volcano, but tiny liquid droplets of sulfuric acid erupted into the stratosphere can change our planet’s climate temporarily.

Detailed explanation-4: -Volcanoes do not work in predictable ways and their eruptions do not follow predictable schedules. Even so, the math doesn’t work out for the volcano to be “overdue” for an eruption.