LIFE SCIENCE

Detailed explanation-1: -Proline is unique among the standard amino acids in that it does not have both free -amino and free -carboxyl groups.

Detailed explanation-2: -L-Proline is the only one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids which has a secondary amino group alpha to the carboxyl group. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. It also helps maintain and strengthen heart muscles.

Detailed explanation-3: -Proline contains a secondary amine group, called an imine, instead of a primary amine group.

Detailed explanation-4: -Proline consist of a secondary amine which makes it different from other natural -amino acids. Its codons are CCU, CCC, CCA, and CCG. It is not an essential amino acid, which means that the human body can synthesize it.

Detailed explanation-5: -The other nineteen amino acids are all primary amino acids, with the amino group not part of the circle-like array of atoms. However, due to the cyclic binding of the three-carbon side chain to the nitrogen of the backbone, proline lacks a primary amine group (−NH2).