MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an antigen.

Detailed explanation-2: -A typical antibody molecule is Y-shaped, with two identical antigen-binding sites at the tips of the Y and binding sites for complement components and/or various cell-surface receptors on the tail of the Y. Each B cell clone makes antibody molecules with a unique antigen-binding site.

Detailed explanation-3: -The IgG antibody molecule is made up of four polypeptide chains, comprising two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains, and can be thought of as forming a flexible Y-shaped structure.

Detailed explanation-4: -1. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins made in great abundance by our immune system. While antibodies come in a few shapes and sizes, the most familiar of these are the Y-shaped proteins known as IgG antibodies (immunoglobulin G).

Detailed explanation-5: -The top of the Y shape contains the variable region (V), also known as the fragment antigen-binding (F(ab)) region. This region binds tightly to a specific part of an antigen called an epitope.