MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Midbrain: The top part of the brainstem is crucial for regulating eye movements. Pons: The middle portion of the brainstem coordinates facial movements, hearing and balance. Medulla oblongata: The bottom part of the brainstem helps regulate your breathing, heart rhythms, blood pressure and swallowing.

Detailed explanation-2: -The medulla oblongata can regulate the body’s blood pressure, pulse, and cardiac contractions based on the body’s needs. Lastly, it controls reflexes like vomiting, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing.

Detailed explanation-3: -Chewing assists in several functions including food intake, bolus formation, and digestion [29]. The masticatory central pattern generator (CPG) is located in the brainstem and involves mostly neurons in the vicinity of the trigeminal system [30, 31].

Detailed explanation-4: -The functions of the four nerves of the pons include sensory roles in hearing, equilibrium, taste, and facial sensations such as touch and pain. They also have motor roles in eye movement, facial expressions, chewing, swallowing, urination, and the secretion of saliva and tears.