WORLD HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -The reform effectively abolished serfdom throughout the Russian Empire. The 1861 Emancipation Manifesto proclaimed the emancipation of the serfs on private estates and of the domestic (household) serfs. By this edict more than 23 million people received their liberty.

Detailed explanation-2: -Despite newly acquired freedom, the life of a serf remained grim in many aspects. Household serfs benefited the least, gaining their freedom, but no land. Many bureaucrats believed that these reforms would bring about drastic changes that would only affect the “lower stories” of society, strengthening the autocracy.

Detailed explanation-3: -In 1861, Alexander II freed all serfs in a major agrarian reform, stimulated in part by his view that “it is better to liberate the peasants from above” than to wait until they won their freedom by risings “from below".

Detailed explanation-4: -In England, the end of serfdom began with the Peasants’ Revolt in 1381. It had largely died out in England by 1500 as a personal status and was fully ended when Elizabeth I freed the last remaining serfs in 1574.