WORLD HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -According to Confucius, loyalty begins at home. The family is the first society that a child encounters, and relating to other members of the family is the initial political life. Accordingly, the Confucians consider family loyalty to be the basis for learning how to interact with other people generally.

Detailed explanation-2: -The main idea of Confucianism is the importance of having a good moral character, which can then affect the world around that person through the idea of “cosmic harmony.” If the emperor has moral perfection, his rule will be peaceful and benevolent.

Detailed explanation-3: -Confucianism uses the family as the basis of society, and the relationships of the family members define proper social and political behavior. In a family, children respect the elders, ancestors are venerated and adults protect the children.

Detailed explanation-4: -Xiao, or filial piety, is an attitude of respect for parents and ancestors in societies influenced by Confucian thought.

Detailed explanation-5: -For Confucius, one’s personal loyalties to family, friends, co-workers and superiors are more important than the rules of some abstract ethical theory. This has been called the “particularism” of Confucian ethics.

Detailed explanation-6: -“The five constant relationships” () refers to the five fundamental relationships in Confucian philosophy: those between ruler and subject, father and son, elder brother and younger brother, husband and wife, and friend and friend.